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When eDNA water sample processing is delayed during remote field collections, whole water samples can be stored frozen to minimize further eDNA degradation. However, the freezing and thawing processes may influence eDNA integrity thus affecting species identification. We split bulk seawater samples to compare the marine taxa from water that had been filtered immediately to water that had been stored frozen for one month. Using DNA metabarcoding we evaluated the effect of freezing on the inferred marine invertebrate communities based on a 313bp section of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) mitochondrial barcode gene. Previously frozen samples had significantly lower species richness and different community composition compared to the non-frozen samples. Particularly, amplified sequence variants (ASVs) of the copepod Pseudocalanus were significantly more abundant in non-frozen samples. These data suggest that freezing water samples intended for eDNA analyses may impede species detection for select organisms and significantly alter the inferred community structure, however this effect is not consistent across genes. Studies using pre-frozen water samples should consider downstream implications, such as PCR bias and reduced species detection, when analyzing eDNA biodiversity.\\\", \\\"edition-date\\\": \\\"\\\", \\\"publisher\\\": \\\"Hakai Institute\\\", \\\"title\\\": \\\"Freezing seawater samples alters eDNA community composition and richness\\\", \\\"version\\\": \\\"1.0\\\", \\\"DOI\\\": \\\"10.21966/bm17-c870\\\", \\\"language\\\": \\\"en\\\", \\\"URL\\\": \\\"https://catalogue.hakai.org/dataset/ca-cioos_290a0bb2-ddcb-4150-be33-0c0eaa2fa243?local=en\\\"}]","fr":"[{\\\"type\\\": \\\"dataset\\\", \\\"id\\\": \\\"ca.cioos_290a0bb2-ddcb-4150-be33-0c0eaa2fa243\\\", \\\"author\\\": [{\\\"given\\\": \\\"Rose-Lynne\\\", \\\"family\\\": \\\"Savage\\\"}, {\\\"given\\\": \\\"Rute\\\", \\\"family\\\": \\\"Clemente-Carvalho\\\"}, {\\\"given\\\": \\\"Evan\\\", \\\"family\\\": \\\"Morien\\\"}, {\\\"given\\\": \\\"Matthew\\\", \\\"family\\\": \\\"Lemay\\\"}], \\\"issued\\\": [{\\\"date-parts\\\": [\\\"2023\\\", \\\"02\\\", \\\"21\\\"]}], \\\"abstract\\\": \\\"L'ADN environnemental (ADNe) est sensible \\u00e0 la d\\u00e9composition lors du pr\\u00e9l\\u00e8vement d'\\u00e9chantillons d'eau, ce qui peut influencer la d\\u00e9tection des esp\\u00e8ces mol\\u00e9culaires. Lorsque le traitement des \\u00e9chantillons d'eau d'ADNe est retard\\u00e9 lors de pr\\u00e9l\\u00e8vements sur le terrain \\u00e0 distance, les \\u00e9chantillons d'eau entiers peuvent \\u00eatre conserv\\u00e9s congel\\u00e9s afin de minimiser la d\\u00e9gradation suppl\\u00e9mentaire de l'ADNe. Cependant, les processus de cong\\u00e9lation et de d\\u00e9cong\\u00e9lation peuvent influencer l'int\\u00e9grit\\u00e9 de l'ADNe, affectant ainsi l'identification des esp\\u00e8ces. Nous avons fractionn\\u00e9 des \\u00e9chantillons d'eau de mer en vrac pour comparer les taxons marins de l'eau qui avait \\u00e9t\\u00e9 filtr\\u00e9e imm\\u00e9diatement \\u00e0 de l'eau conserv\\u00e9e congel\\u00e9e pendant un mois. \\u00c0 l'aide du m\\u00e9tabarcodage de l'ADN, nous avons \\u00e9valu\\u00e9 l'effet de la cong\\u00e9lation sur les communaut\\u00e9s pr\\u00e9sum\\u00e9es d'invert\\u00e9br\\u00e9s marins sur la base d'une section de 313 pb du g\\u00e8ne code-barres mitochondrial de la sous-unit\\u00e9 I (COI) du cytochrome c oxydase. Les \\u00e9chantillons pr\\u00e9alablement congel\\u00e9s pr\\u00e9sentaient une richesse en esp\\u00e8ces significativement plus faible et une composition communautaire diff\\u00e9rente de celle des \\u00e9chantillons non congel\\u00e9s. En particulier, les variants de s\\u00e9quence amplifi\\u00e9s (ASV) du cop\\u00e9pode Pseudocalanus \\u00e9taient significativement plus abondants dans les \\u00e9chantillons non congel\\u00e9s. Ces donn\\u00e9es sugg\\u00e8rent que la cong\\u00e9lation d'\\u00e9chantillons d'eau destin\\u00e9s \\u00e0 l'analyse de l'ADNe peut emp\\u00eacher la d\\u00e9tection des esp\\u00e8ces chez certains organismes et modifier de mani\\u00e8re significative la structure de la communaut\\u00e9 d\\u00e9duite, mais cet effet n'est pas uniforme d'un g\\u00e8ne \\u00e0 l'autre. Les \\u00e9tudes utilisant des \\u00e9chantillons d'eau pr\\u00e9congel\\u00e9s devraient prendre en compte les implications en aval, telles que le biais de la PCR et la r\\u00e9duction de la d\\u00e9tection des esp\\u00e8ces, lors de l'analyse de la biodiversit\\u00e9 de l'ADNe.\\\", \\\"edition-date\\\": \\\"\\\", \\\"publisher\\\": \\\"Hakai Institute\\\", \\\"title\\\": \\\"La cong\\u00e9lation d'\\u00e9chantillons d'eau de mer modifie la composition et la richesse de la communaut\\u00e9 d'ADNe\\\", \\\"version\\\": \\\"1.0\\\", \\\"DOI\\\": \\\"10.21966/bm17-c870\\\", \\\"language\\\": \\\"fr\\\", \\\"URL\\\": \\\"https://catalogue.hakai.org/dataset/ca-cioos_290a0bb2-ddcb-4150-be33-0c0eaa2fa243?local=fr\\\"}]"},"keywords":{"en":["oceans","edna","dna-metabarcoding","freezing","marine-eukaryotes","fish","fishabundanceanddistribution","invertebrateabundanceanddistribution","zooplanktonbiomassanddiversity","genomics"],"fr":["abondance-et-distribution-de-poissons","abondance-et-distribution-dinvertebres","biomasse-et-diversite-de-zooplancton"]},"num_tags":0,"progress":"completed","projects":["Genomics"],"owner_org":"f6f187f7-19f2-4273-a45a-5d9406204873","resources":[{"id":"d583ef4f-9fc8-420c-90a1-32940cde0fe6","url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bioproject/PRJNA937254/","hash":"","name":"Données brutes de séquences d'ADN","size":null,"state":"active","format":"HTML","created":"2026-10-09T03:45:19.839020","mimetype":null,"position":0,"url_type":null,"cache_url":null,"package_id":"2de051d0-4deb-4d0a-ad22-96fd660e6276","description":"Bioprojet NCBI : PRJNA937254","last_modified":null,"resource_type":null,"created_source":"2026-10-09T03:45:19.839020","mimetype_inner":null,"name_translated":{"en":"Raw DNA sequence data","fr":"Données brutes de séquences d'ADN"},"datastore_active":false,"metadata_modified":"2026-10-10T00:05:04.913030","cache_last_updated":null,"description_translated":{"en":"NCBI BioProject: PRJNA937254","fr":"Bioprojet NCBI : PRJNA937254"},"metadata_modified_source":"2026-10-09T03:45:19.827288","resource_locator_function":"","resource_locator_protocol":"WWW:LINK"}],"datacentre":[],"license_id":"CC-BY-4.0","maintainer":null,"distributor":[{"role":["distributor"],"individual-name":"","organisation-name":"Hakai Institute","contact-info_email":"","organisation-uri_code":"https://ror.org/02pry0c91","organisation-uri_version":"","organisation-uri_authority":"","organisation-uri_code-space":""}],"license_url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/","author_email":null,"organization":{"id":"f6f187f7-19f2-4273-a45a-5d9406204873","name":"cioos-pacific","type":"organization","state":"active","title":"SIOOC-Pacifique","created":"2026-07-31T15:58:21.015456","image_url":"","description":"","display_name":"CIOOS-Pacific","num_followers":0,"approval_status":"approved","is_organization":true,"organization-uri":[{"code":"","version":"","authority":"","code-space":""}],"title_translated":{"en":"CIOOS-Pacific","fr":"SIOOC-Pacifique"},"external_home_url":"https://cioospacific.ca","image_display_url":"","image_url_translated":{"en":"https://catalogue.cioos.ca/base/images/logos/cioos-pacific_logo_RA_EN.png","fr":"https://catalogue.cioos.ca/base/images/logos/cioos-pacific_logo_RA_FR.png"},"description_translated":{"en":"The Canadian Integrated Ocean Observing System (CIOOS) Pacific is the regional hub of the National CIOOS for ocean data aggregation on Canada’s west coast.","fr":"Le Système intégré d’observation des océans canadien (SIOOC) Pacifique est la plaque tournante régionale du SIOOC national pour l’agrégation des données océaniques sur la côte ouest du Canada."}},"license_title":"Creative Commons Attribution 4.0","num_resources":1,"resource-type":"dataset","bbox-east-long":"-125.2","bbox-north-lat":"50.12","bbox-south-lat":"50.11","bbox-west-long":"-125.2","creator_user_id":"fe6035ee-ed91-4ead-b5b2-4048232a22bb","temporal-extent":[{"end":"2022-03-02","begin":"2022-03-02"}],"vertical-extent":[{"max":"1.0","min":"0.0"}],"maintainer_email":null,"maintenance-note":"Generated from https://hakaiinstitute.github.io/hakai-metadata-entry-form#/en/hakai/jnK2pbrIzbMBHpSiUOi8XDUeev93/-P3MCH_UPGv5XKMpUgnR","metadata_created":"2026-10-10T00:05:04.918894","notes_translated":{"en":"Environmental DNA (eDNA) is sensitive to decay during water sample collection, potentially influencing molecular species detection. When eDNA water sample processing is delayed during remote field collections, whole water samples can be stored frozen to minimize further eDNA degradation. However, the freezing and thawing processes may influence eDNA integrity thus affecting species identification. We split bulk seawater samples to compare the marine taxa from water that had been filtered immediately to water that had been stored frozen for one month. Using DNA metabarcoding we evaluated the effect of freezing on the inferred marine invertebrate communities based on a 313bp section of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) mitochondrial barcode gene. Previously frozen samples had significantly lower species richness and different community composition compared to the non-frozen samples. Particularly, amplified sequence variants (ASVs) of the copepod Pseudocalanus were significantly more abundant in non-frozen samples. These data suggest that freezing water samples intended for eDNA analyses may impede species detection for select organisms and significantly alter the inferred community structure, however this effect is not consistent across genes. Studies using pre-frozen water samples should consider downstream implications, such as PCR bias and reduced species detection, when analyzing eDNA biodiversity.","fr":"L'ADN environnemental (ADNe) est sensible à la décomposition lors du prélèvement d'échantillons d'eau, ce qui peut influencer la détection des espèces moléculaires. Lorsque le traitement des échantillons d'eau d'ADNe est retardé lors de prélèvements sur le terrain à distance, les échantillons d'eau entiers peuvent être conservés congelés afin de minimiser la dégradation supplémentaire de l'ADNe. Cependant, les processus de congélation et de décongélation peuvent influencer l'intégrité de l'ADNe, affectant ainsi l'identification des espèces. Nous avons fractionné des échantillons d'eau de mer en vrac pour comparer les taxons marins de l'eau qui avait été filtrée immédiatement à de l'eau conservée congelée pendant un mois. À l'aide du métabarcodage de l'ADN, nous avons évalué l'effet de la congélation sur les communautés présumées d'invertébrés marins sur la base d'une section de 313 pb du gène code-barres mitochondrial de la sous-unité I (COI) du cytochrome c oxydase. Les échantillons préalablement congelés présentaient une richesse en espèces significativement plus faible et une composition communautaire différente de celle des échantillons non congelés. En particulier, les variants de séquence amplifiés (ASV) du copépode Pseudocalanus étaient significativement plus abondants dans les échantillons non congelés. Ces données suggèrent que la congélation d'échantillons d'eau destinés à l'analyse de l'ADNe peut empêcher la détection des espèces chez certains organismes et modifier de manière significative la structure de la communauté déduite, mais cet effet n'est pas uniforme d'un gène à l'autre. Les études utilisant des échantillons d'eau précongelés devraient prendre en compte les implications en aval, telles que le biais de la PCR et la réduction de la détection des espèces, lors de l'analyse de la biodiversité de l'ADNe."},"title_translated":{"en":"Freezing seawater samples alters eDNA community composition and richness","fr":"La congélation d'échantillons d'eau de mer modifie la composition et la richesse de la communauté d'ADNe"},"xml_location_url":"https://metadata-generator-proxy.server.hakai.app/metadata/hakai/freezing_seawater_samples_alte_290a0.xml","metadata-language":"en","metadata_modified":"2026-10-10T00:05:04.918899","frequency-of-update":"asNeeded","dataset-reference-date":[{"type":"creation","value":"2022-03-02"},{"type":"publication","value":"2023-02-21"}],"cited-responsible-party":[{"role":["author","contributor"],"individual-name":"Savage, Rose-Lynne","organisation-name":"Hakai Institute","contact-info_email":"rosie.savage@hakai.org","individual-uri_code":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2521-4032","organisation-uri_code":"https://ror.org/02pry0c91","individual-uri_version":"","individual-uri_authority":"","organisation-uri_version":"","individual-uri_code-space":"","organisation-uri_authority":"","organisation-uri_code-space":"","contact-info_online-resource":""},{"role":["coAuthor","contributor"],"individual-name":"Clemente-Carvalho, Rute","organisation-name":"Hakai Institute","contact-info_email":"rute.carvalho@hakai.org","individual-uri_code":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6922-9418","organisation-uri_code":"https://ror.org/02pry0c91","individual-uri_version":"","individual-uri_authority":"","organisation-uri_version":"","individual-uri_code-space":"","organisation-uri_authority":"","organisation-uri_code-space":"","contact-info_online-resource":""},{"role":["coAuthor","contributor"],"individual-name":"Morien, Evan","organisation-name":"Hakai Institute","contact-info_email":"evan.morien@hakai.org","individual-uri_code":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9821-7002","organisation-uri_code":"https://ror.org/02pry0c91","individual-uri_version":"","individual-uri_authority":"","organisation-uri_version":"","individual-uri_code-space":"","organisation-uri_authority":"","organisation-uri_code-space":"","contact-info_online-resource":""},{"role":["owner","principalInvestigator","coAuthor","contributor"],"individual-name":"Lemay, Matthew","organisation-name":"Hakai Institute","contact-info_email":"matt.lemay@hakai.org","individual-uri_code":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7051-0020","organisation-uri_code":"https://ror.org/02pry0c91","individual-uri_version":"","individual-uri_authority":"","organisation-uri_version":"","individual-uri_code-space":"","organisation-uri_authority":"","organisation-uri_code-space":"","contact-info_online-resource":""},{"role":"publisher","individual-name":"","organisation-name":"Hakai Institute","contact-info_email":"","organisation-uri_code":"https://ror.org/02pry0c91","organisation-uri_version":"","organisation-uri_authority":"","organisation-uri_code-space":""}],"metadata-reference-date":[{"type":"publication","value":"2026-10-08"},{"type":"revision","value":"2026-10-08"}],"relationships_as_object":[],"notes_translation_method":{"en":"","fr":"text translated using the Amazon translate service / texte traduit à l'aide du service de traduction Amazon"},"relationships_as_subject":[],"title_translation_method":{"en":"","fr":"text translated using the Amazon translate service / texte traduit à l'aide du service de traduction Amazon"},"metadata-point-of-contact":[{"role":["custodian","distributor","owner"],"individual-name":"","organisation-name":"Hakai Institute","contact-info_email":"","individual-uri_code":"","organisation-uri_code":"https://ror.org/02pry0c91","organisation-uri_version":"","organisation-uri_authority":"","organisation-uri_code-space":""},{"role":"funder","individual-name":"","organisation-name":"Tula Foundation","contact-info_email":"","individual-uri_code":"","organisation-uri_code":"https://ror.org/02pry0c91","organisation-uri_version":"","organisation-uri_authority":"","organisation-uri_code-space":""}],"included_in_data_catalogue":[{"url":"https://catalogue.cioos.ca","name":{"en":"CIOOS Catalogue","fr":"Catalogue du SIOOC"},"description":""},{"url":"https://catalogue.hakai.org","name":{"en":"Hakai Data Catalogue","fr":"Hakai Data Catalogue"},"description":{"en":"Science on the Coastal Margin","fr":"Science on the Coastal Margin"}},{"url":"https://catalogue.cioospacific.ca","name":{"en":"CIOOS Pacific","fr":"SIOOC Pacifique"},"description":{"en":"A description of the Catalogue","fr":"Une description du catalogue"}}],"keywords_translation_method":{"en":""},"unique-resource-identifier-full":[{"code":"https://doi.org/10.21966/bm17-c870","version":"","authority":"","code-space":""}]}}